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Alfred-Maurice de Zayas (born 31 May 1947〔''Heimatrecht ist Menschenrecht'', Journal ''Deutsche Umschau'', May 2001, p.3〕 in Havana, Cuba; né ''Alfredo (de) Zayas''), also known as Alfred de Zayas, is an American lawyer, writer, historian, a leading expert in the field of human rights and international law, a retired high-ranking United Nations official, a peace activist, and since 2012 the United Nations Independent Expert on the Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable International Order (also known as Special Rapporteur), appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council.〔(Human Rights Council concludes nineteenth session ), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights〕〔(Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order ), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights〕 During its 27th session in September 2014 the Human Rights Council extended his mandate through 2018.〔http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15110&LangID=E〕 He is currently a professor of international law at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations, and formerly worked with the United Nations from 1981 to 2003 as a senior lawyer with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights,〔A. de Zayas "Human Rights, United Nations High Commissioner for" in H. Volger (ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations, Kluwer, the Hague, 2002, pp. 217–223, favourably reviewed by Ruth Wedgwood in the American Journal of International Law, vol. 99, pp. 284–287 at 285;〕〔A. de Zayas, "United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Public International Law, Vol. 4, 2000, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1129–1132〕 Secretary of the Human Rights Committee,〔http://vimeo.com/16823400〕 and the Chief of Petitions. Zayas practised law in New York as an associate in the law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett from 1970 to 1974, specializing on corporate law, and is also a retired member of the Florida Bar. Alfred de Zayas's scholarly work focuses on the judicial protection of peoples and minorities.〔Yoram Dinstein, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, 1993, p. 416〕 He holds a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School and a doctorate in modern history from the University of Göttingen. Zayas has written and lectured extensively on human rights, including the jurisprudence of the United Nations Human Rights Committee,〔Jakob Th. Möller/Alfred de Zayas, The United Nations Human Rights Committee Case Law 1977-2008, N.P.Engel Publishers, Kehl/Strasbourg, 2009, ISBN 978-3-88357-144-7〕〔"The Procedures and Case-Law of the United Nations Human Rights Committee" in Carlos Jiménez Piernas, The Legal Practice in International Law and European Community Law, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2007〕 the Armenian Genocide,〔Conference Paper on Reparations at UCLA 23 October 2010 http://www.keghart.com/De_Zayas_Reparation〕〔http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/10/28/de-zayas-armenians-have-strong-legitimate-claim-for-reparations/〕〔http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/conference/speakers.html A de Zayas, "The Twentieth Century's First Genocide" in Steven Vardy and Hunt Tooley (eds.) Ethnic Cleansing in 20th Century Europe, Columbia University Press, New York 2003, S. 157–180〕〔"El Genocidio contra los Armenios y la relevancia de la Convención para la prevención y la sanción del delito de genocidio" with a Prologue by the International Commission of Jurists, Buenos Aires, 2009, ISBN 978-950-895-277-6〕〔The Genocide Against the Armenians 1915–1923 and the Relevance of the 1948 Genocide Convention, Haigazian University Press, Lebanon 2010〕 the Holocaust〔"Völkermord als Staatsgeheimnis, Vom Wissen über die Endlösung der Judenfrage im Dritten Reich". Olzog Verlag, Munich 2011. http://www.genocidepreventionnow.org/GPNSearchResults/tabid/64/ctl/DisplayArticle/mid/400/aid/392/Default.aspx〕〔http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&pdftype=1&fid=8266566&jid=NLR&volumeId=58&issueId=&aid=8266565〕〔http://takimag.com/article/the_eternal_german_guilt_trip/print#disqus_thread〕〔http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/staatsgeheimnis/4598806.html〕 the US-run detention centers at Guantanamo Bay,〔"Guantanamo Naval Base" Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International law, Oxford online 2009, http://www.mpepil.com/subscriber_article?script=yes&id=/epil/entries/law-9780199231690-e301&recno=2&author=de%20Zayas%20%20Alfred〕〔"Wem gehört Guantanamo Bay", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 29. Dezember 2003〕〔http://www.mpepil.com/subscriber_article?script=yes&id=/epil/entries/law-9780199231690-e301&recno=2&author=de%20Zayas%20%20Alfred〕 ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia,〔"Ethnische Säuberungen und das Internationale Kriegsverbrechertribunal für das ehemalige Jugoslawien" in Archiv des Völkerrechts, Band 35 (1997) pp. 29–72, "Der Krieg im ehemaligen Jugoslawien aus völkerrechtlicher Sicht" in Tilman Zülch (ed.) Ethnische Säuberung, Luchterhand Verlag, 1999〕 the expulsion of Eastern European Germans after the Second World War,〔A. de Zayas "Nemesis at Potsdam" Routledge 1977, 6th revised edition Picton 2003 ISBN, 0-89725-360-4, "A Terrible Revenge", Palgrave/Macmillan, New York 2006, 2nd revised edition, ISBN 978-1-4039-7308-5, "Vertreibung und Voelkerrecht" in the official catalogue of the exhibit "Flucht Vertreibung Integration", Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 3rd edition, Kerber Verlag 2006, ISBN 3-938025-58-1.〕〔"( Unzulässige Diskriminierung der deutschen Opfer )" in FAZ online 28 February 2011 and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 1 March 2011, p. 18.〕 the invasion of Cyprus by Turkey in 1974,〔"Self-determination. Turkish settlers and Cyprus referenda" in Andreas Auer (ed.) A Constitutional Convention for Cyprus, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2009, ISBN 978-3-86573-423-5〕〔"Turkey must apologise" Cyprus Weekly, 25 February 2011, p. 14〕〔 〕 the rights of minorities,〔"Minority Rights in the New Millennium" in The Geneva Post Quarterly, May 2007, pp. 155–208〕 the right to freedom of opinion and expression,〔http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8777284&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0165070X12000289〕 and the rights of indigenous peoples.〔"The International Judicial Protection of Peoples and Minorities" in Catherine Brölmann "Peoples and Minorities in International Law", Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht 1993, pp.253–288〕 He is an advocate of "the right to homeland" as a universal human right, of the human right to peace,〔http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/rule_of_law/workshop/docs/DraftAgenda.pdf〕〔http://www.unspecial.org/UNS695/t61.html〕 of the establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly and a World Court on Human Rights,〔http://www.ishr.org/Project-2048-Restatement-of-the-Law-of-Human-Rights.1373.0.html〕 and has been active on behalf of the Iranian refugees in Camp Ashraf in Iraq.〔http://www.ncr-iran.org/fr/communiques-cnri/achraf/9869-juristes-et-politiciens-reunis-dans-une-conference-a-lonu-a-geneve-〕〔http://ncr-iran.org/fr/communiques-cnri/achraf/9864-conference-international-a-geneve〕 Since his retirement from the UN in 2003, Zayas has become a vocal critic of the Iraq War〔http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article495133/Dieser-Krieg-ist-voelkerrechtswidrig.html〕〔(Poets Against War )〕 indefinite detention〔(Human rights and indefinite detention )〕 in Guantanamo, secret CIA prisons, nuclear pollution, and extreme poverty. He has chastised the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany for their lack of intellectual honesty and their lip service to human rights.〔St. Galler Tagblatt 14 May 2004 "Verbrechen gegen den Frieden bestrafen" («Verbrechen gegen Frieden bestrafen» )〕 A resident of Geneva, Switzerland, he was President of the Suisse Romand Centre of International PEN from 2006 to 2009, and in March 2013 was elected its president for a further term of three years.〔http://www.pensuisseromand.ch/membres.html〕 From 1990 to 2005 he was president of the United Nations Society of Writers. ==Biography== Zayas was born in Havana as ''Alfredo Zayas y Rozos'' (usually known as Alfredo (de) Zayas under Spanish naming conventions), the son of the Cuban lawyer José María Enrique Victor Zayas y Portela and Agustina Rozos y Arnaldo, a native of Asturias in Spain.〔Rafael Nieto y Cortadellas, Genealogías Habaneras, Vol. 2, p. 254〕 He is a relative and namesake of Cuba's 4th President Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso, who was the brother of his great grandfather José María Zayas y Alfonso.〔''Los Expertos Internacionales en la Jurisprudencia de los Derechos Humanos'', ''SIGLO XXI'', Cuban Committee for Human Rights (CCPDH), 30 March 2000 ((Online ))〕 His family migrated to the United States following the Cuban Revolution, and he anglicized his first name to Alfred. Zayas grew up in Chicago and earned his degree of juris doctor from Harvard Law School, then a doctorate of philosophy in modern history from the Georg-August University of Göttingen. He practiced corporate law in New York and family law in Florida, as a member of the New York and Florida Bars. He was also a Fulbright Fellow at the University of Tübingen and research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg. In 1978–80, he participated in the German-American Schoolbook Commission at the Georg Eckert Institut in Braunschweig and in 1980 published a long article on the subject of prejudice and stereotypes in schoolbooks in "Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte".〔""Deutsch-amerikanische Schulbuchrevision" Das Parlament, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 14. Juli 1979, pp. 37–47, "Deutsch-amerikanische Schulbuchrevision: 1962 bis 1967, und heute?" Lecture at the Rhein-Ruhr-Klub, Düsseldorf 29 March 1979, "Verzerrtes Deutschlandbild in Amerika" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 1 August 1978, p. 2, "Hässliche Klischees in Schulbüchern" in ''Der Junge Beamte'', November 1980, p. 14〕 During the course of his legal and academic career, Zayas has been a visiting professor of international law and of world history at a number of institutions, including the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, the DePaul University College of Law, Chicago, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations, the Schiller International University, Leysin, the Académie Internationale de Droit Constitutionnel, Tunis, the University of Trier, the Santa Clara Law School, the Center for Applied Studies in International Negotiations (CASIN), Geneva, the Institut de Droits de l'Homme, Strasbourg, the Felix Ermacora Institute in Vienna, the Raoul Wallenberg Institute in Lund, Sweden, the Irish National University, Galway, and the University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid. He has been member of doctoral committees at the Institut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales, the universities of Amsterdam and Alcalá de Henares, the International Humanitarian Law Institute, San Remo,〔http://www.iihl.org/iihl/Documents/Summer%20Course%202009.pdf〕 and the Geneva School of Diplomacy. Zayas regularly publishes op-ed articles and essays in German and Swiss newspapers, including the ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'',〔http://www.faz.net/IN/INtemplates/faznet/default.asp?tpl=common/zwischenseite.asp&dx1=&rub=〕 ''Die Welt'', ''Das Parlament'', ''Der Spiegel'', ''Bayernkurier'', ''Zeit Fragen'', Le Temps〔"La Kollektivschuld et les droits humains" 22 July 2010, p. 2〕 and the ''Tribune de Genève''. He has made television appearances on round tables and panels for CNN, Russia Today, WDR, WDR's ''Monitor'', WDR's "Alte und neue Heimat", Phoenix, 3sat, ZDF, ''ZDF-Magazin'', ''Südwestfunk/Baden-Baden'', "Report", ''Aschaffenburger Gespräche'', Bayerischer Rundfunk, Léman Bleu (Geneva) etc. He has been legal and historical consultant to numerous television documentaries in the US, Canada, the Netherlands and Germany, including the Discovery Channel film on the sinking of the refugee ship "Wilhelm Gustloff", and the Bayerischer Rundfunk documentary "Flucht und Vertreibung". He regularly gives radio interviews to Deutschlandfunk, Deutsche Welle, Radio Cité (Geneva), WBAI (New York), and other stations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://frieden.kommunikationssystem.de/news/Frieden/Irak-USA-UNO:-Feilschen,-tricksen,-erpressen-US-Diplomatie-im-17083.html )〕 Zayas is a Roman Catholic and resides with his Dutch wife in Geneva.〔"Servez L'Eternnel avec Joie" Paroisse des Crêts, Grand Saconnex, Le Messager, July 2007, pp. 28–29〕 According to press articles, he has been a registered Republican in the United States since 1968, when he was a Harvard student and an active member of the Harvard Republicans, but has voted for the Democratic party since 2004.〔Commentary on the US Supreme Court Judgement on Guantanamo, in the German daily ''Die Welt'', 1 June 2004, "Das Gericht hätte eine Frist setzen müssen". See also Harvard Law School Yearbook 1970, pp. 187, 194, 218〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alfred-Maurice de Zayas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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